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Post by Dean Robinson on Dec 22, 2006 16:40:23 GMT -5
Mary thanks for all the info on in this area. as of late I have been feel depressed reading your posts have help me.
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Post by Mary on Dec 25, 2006 19:43:43 GMT -5
Pharmacogenetics of Fatal Morphine Poisoning in a Breastfed Neonate of a Codeine Using Mother
Gideon Koren, James Cairns, David Chitayat, Andrea Gaedigk, Steven J. Leeder
Motherisk Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (G. Koren, FRCPC); Ontario Coroner Office (J. Cairns MD); Prenatal Diagnosis Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto (D. Chitayat, FRCPC), Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City (A. Gaedigk PhD, S. J. Leeder, PhD)
Case: A full term healthy male infant, delivered vaginally, who was breastfed by a codeine-using mother, exhibited intermittent periods of difficulty in breastfeeding and lethargy starting on Day 7. On Day 12 he exhibited grey skin and decreased milk intake. Subsequently, he was found dead on Day 13. Postmortem analysis showed no anatomical anomalies and blood morphine concentration (the active metabolite of codeine) of 70 ng/mL by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Neonates breastfed by mothers receiving codeine-typically have morphine serum concentrations of 0-2.2 ng/mL(1).
The mother was prescribed Tylenol 3 (codeine 30 mg and acetaminophen 500 mg) after birth for episiotomy pain (initially 2 tab. 6 hourly and half that dose from Day 2 due to somnolence and constipation). She continued Tylenol 3 for two weeks. Due to poor neonatal feeding, she stored milk on Day 9 which was measured for morphine by specific ELISA and GC-MS at 87 ng/mL. Typical milk levels after repeated maternal codeine range from 1.9 to 20.5 ng/mL at doses of 60 mg q6H. Genotype analysis was conducted for cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), the enzyme catalyzing the O-demethylation of codeine to morphine(2). The mother was heterozygous for a CYP2D6*2A allele with CYP2D6*2x2 gene duplication, classified as an ultra-rapid metabolizer. This genotype leads to enhanced formation of morphine from codeine, consistent with the somnolence and constipation experienced by her(3). The maternal grandfather, the father and infant possessed two functional CYP2D6 alleles (CYP2D6*1/*2 genotypes, classified as extensive metabolizers. The maternal grandmother was an ultra-rapid metabolizer (Figure ).
The clinical and laboratory picture in this case is consistent with opioid toxicity leading to neonatal death. Most of the analgesic and CNS depressing effects of codeine are secondary to its metabolism to morphine by CYP2D62. The high milk level of morphine corroborates the clinical picture in the infant. Milk was available only at half of the initial codeine dose; conceivably peak milk concentration of morphine was higher.
Codeine is a commonly used analgesic after labor for pain associated with episiotomy and caesarian section. The American Academy of Pediatrics lists codeine as compatible with breastfeeding, despite lack of sufficient published data to support this recommendation(4). Because the vast majority of pregnant women initiate breast feeding, the safety of codeine during breastfeeding must be established.
This case reveals that polymorphism in CYP2D6 may be life threatening for some breastfed babies. Given that a CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizer genotype occurs in 1% in Caucasians and up to 30% in some parts of Asia and Africa(5), this polymorphism is clinically important.
Several strategies can be considered to prevent life threatening neonatal toxicity (Table):
Avoiding breastfeeding in cases of maternal use of codeine. While this approach can prevent neonatal toxicity, it would prevent the benefits of breastfeeding from thousands of infants. Genotyping all postpartum women who are planned to receive codeine. This strategy would identify CYP2D6 ultra-metabolizers who are at risk of neonatal poisoning. Presently this test is not available in most clinical facilities. Careful follow up of all women on codeine, and testing mother-child pairs when the mother is experiencing symptoms consistent with opioid toxicity. Following up closely all breastfed infants of codeine-using mothers and test morphine levels whenever there are adverse events consistent with opioid toxicity. Morphine measurement is not routine in most facilities. In any suspicious case, naoloxone may reverse and thus corroborate opioid toxicity. Whatever clinical approach is taken, codeine cannot be considered as a safe drug for all infants during breastfeeding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of a breastfed baby succumbing to toxicity through breastmilk. REFERENCES:
Meny RG, Naumburg EG, Alger LS, Brill-Miller H, Brown S: Codeine and the breastfed neonate. J Hum Lact 1993; 9: 237-40. Meyer UA. Pharmacogenetics of adverse drug reactions. Lancet 2000; 356: 1667-71. Gasche Y, Daali Y, Fathi M, Chiappe A, Cottini S, Dayer P, Desmeules J: Codeine intoxication associated with ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2827-31. Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 776-89. Cascarbi I. Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P4502D6: genetic background and clinical implication. Eur J Clin Invest 2003; 33 (Suppl 2); 17-22. Acknowledgement: Supported by Genome BC, the Ivey Chair in Molecular Toxicology, University of Western Ontario, and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. Pedigree of the family's CYP2D6 genotype. Table: Clinical Strategies to Manage Breastfeeding While on Codeine
Action Advantages Disadvantages Avoid codeine when breastfeeding Avoiding potential neonatal toxicity Potential uncontrolled maternal pain Avoid high dose codeine (240 mg/d) for more than a few days Minimizing potential neonatal toxicity *Suboptimal maternal pain control *May still be too high a dose for ultra rapid metabolizers. Avoid breastfeeding when on codeine Avoiding potential neonatal toxicity Losing the benefits of breastfeeding Informing and monitoring mother and baby for signs of opioid toxicity Intervening early and preventing serious toxicity; ability to give antidote (naloxone) _________ Genotyping mother for 2D6 Predicting mothers at risk of producing excess of morphine Expensive, not presently routine
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Post by Mary on Dec 28, 2006 7:46:52 GMT -5
Paralyzed after flu vaccine Health technician Hamit Öztürk was paralyzed two days after flu vaccine. He was almost dead. He was saved by cleaning his blood. The doctors: "vaccine can cause a side effect like this in 1 per thousand." Flu vaccine makes man paralyzed Health technician Hamit Öztürk has been paralyzed due to thenflu vaccine. Öztürk stayed at the hospital for 15 days. He was saved by cleansing of his blood from antigens. Öztürk got the flu shot in the corporate office of the government doctor of the ministry of health on November 21. Then his health started to get worse. It was thought that he had muscle aches in an examination in Ankara Numune Hospital. Then he could not move any of his organs, even his eyelids. It was detected that Öztürk's nervous and immunity system broke down due to the side effect observed in 1 per thousand with the flu vaccination.english.sabah.com.tr/8C45E15605D14648996F7D27C18C0F81.html
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Post by Mary on Dec 28, 2006 11:48:18 GMT -5
Popular heartburn drugs linked to hip fractures Prescription drugs as Nexium, Prevacid or Prilosec may increase risk in people over 50 Last Updated: Wednesday, December 27, 2006 | 9:34 AM ET The Associated Press Taking such popular heartburn drugs as Nexium, Prevacid or Prilosec for a year or more can markedly increase the risk of a broken hip in people over 50, a large study in Britain found. The study raises questions about the safety of some of the most widely used and heavily promoted prescription drugs on the market, taken by millions of people. 'The general perception is they are relatively harmless. They often are used without a clear or justified indication for the treatment.'-Dr. Yu-Xiao Yang, who co-wrote the study The researchers speculated that when the drugs reduce acid in the stomach, they also make it more difficult for the body to absorb bone-building calcium. That can lead to weaker bones and fractures. Hip fractures in the elderly often lead to life-threatening complications. As a result, doctors should make sure patients have good reason to stay on heartburn drugs long term, said study co-author Dr. Yu-Xiao Yang of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. "The general perception is they are relatively harmless," Yang said. "They often are used without a clear or justified indication for the treatment." Some people find relief from heartburn with over-the-counter antacids such as Tums, Rolaids and Maalox. But for others, those medicines do not work well. Continue Article www.cbc.ca/health/story/2006/12/27/heartburn-hip.html
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